The right to be Review Essay Example

The right to be Review Paper Essay on The right to be All the way one day come to an end so begins the latest released at the moment Veronica Ivanova book about the adventures of a young man (or not quite human) by the name of Jeroen. Will it be a final or is a continuation of the ordinary adventure of this interesting character? the first question that arises after reading the summary on the flyleaf. Lets see. In this book, which is finally written on behalf of most of the protagonist throughout the epic, the author quite vividly expresses the change in priorities and world view of the character on the essence of things. Maybe it happened due to have taken place in his personal life experiences of the writer, maybe she wants to convey to the reader that her character finally grew up. And now before us is not a standard man-wishing-save-all-and-all, but a man ready to take responsibility for their actions. Many readers of this fact may upset or alienate, although it was obvious that the hero, who is much older than his family, its time to grow up. Which is what happens. The author skillfully puts in comparison Gerona his brother, arguing that her character is fully developed and disclosed. And, of course, that the story lines tend to its logical conclusion We will write a custom essay sample on The right to be Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The right to be Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The right to be Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The whole book is based on the reflections Gerona on the meaning of life, about his acceptance of his fate, about -. Well, really! awareness of its importance, about his feelings to his lover (played, incidentally, is not the last role). Actions are tight, flowery thoughts are expressed, which is usually referred to as spread idea of ​​the tree. And although the book has all that needs to include a standard fantasy, read it not as easy as the previous part. In addition, since the book is the eighth in the series, it is difficult to remember the characters that have been encountered when reading, say, the third part, and then briefly. Many of the authors thoughts are also patchy and vague, and they should think out to the reader, which, alas, does not necessarily imply that the author had in mind. These moments especially upset and left an unpleasant aftertaste after the reading Yes, of course, in the finale, we get more or less sweet happy ending, in which the author makes it clear that her character -. Man with an unusual approach to solving existing problems. The last sentence makes a smile. Yet the end of the open, which gives hope for the continuation of the story. But what continued even here you need? It is recommended to read those people whose first book has tightened the story of Gerona. Starting with her familiarity with the works of the author are not worth it, because the book can not be called the best. Yes, and it is logical to start serial works, paradoxically from the beginning.

Biography of Che Guevera

Biography of Che Guevera Free Online Research Papers Ernesto â€Å"Che† Guevara is a revolutionary legend and international icon. The man known simply as Che has left a lasting impression on society. From his revolutionary status to his undying determination, Che has exceeded the expectations of not only his superiors and disciples of his time but those who were born much later as well. He is not your typical leader although he possesses many of the characteristics, traits and values that are referred to most of the worlds primary leaders. From his childhood up through his fantastical live to his untimely death, Che has defined what it is meant to be a leader in every sense of the definition. Che was born Ernesto Guevara de la Serna in the into a middle-class family in Argentina. In the early 1950s he was trained to be a practicing medical doctor but that career did not seem to suit his wild heart. He then decided to explore the world in which he lived, by riding his motorcycle through Latin America. During this time he has the opportunity to remove himself from his comfortable, middle-class life and see for himself what the people of his country and of neighboring countries are experiencing as their life. What he saw was absolute poverty and tremendous despair. This had sparked a part of his mind and heart to be active in fighting this type of economical depression by taking on the capitalistic government directly. He then chose to join Fidel Castro in his fight against imperialism. This is where his genuine leadership abilities had surfaced. His immense determination combined with his emotional fervor for such a cause, he was practically unstoppable. From here on out, Che fought side by side with the people he was trying to protect and empower. His meeting with Castro brought him to Cuba where he fought and eventually assited in the overthrowing of then ruler and Dictator Fulgencio Batista. He did not stop here. Che went on to ensure all of the people of Latin America who were aware of their exploitation and continued to spread the revolution as the commander of the Rebel Army. Up until his death he maintained his ideals and values while motivating people to take action. Che found much of his education not only in the books that he read while pursuing his education but also through extensive travel. According to David Deutschmann, â€Å"Travel is another kind of learning. It changes your perspective immediately, because it requires new and different responses from you.† Che really cultivated himself and even reinvented himself during the time of his motorcycle tour. He had grown as a person and as a leader considering now he was motivated that he took the responsibility to then motivate others. Deutschmann also describes â€Å"authenticity† and â€Å"self-invention† as almost parallel terms. As leaders grow and adapt to not only their position but also to the world in which they live, they form a sense of self that they embrace and that entices others to follow. Che knew exactly what he wanted to do. Clearly he wanted to make his vision the vision of the people and he succeeded in doing that on an international level. He was being true to himself and his beliefs. His core values included but are not limited to self-sacrifice, moderation, faith, and devotion and not once did he stray from these values. Throughout his leadership endeavor, Che had maintained authoritarian leadership style. He was given the name â€Å"Che† which means â€Å"friend† or â€Å"buddy† which would suggest a more democratic or possibly even a laissez-faire leadership style but his work suggests something else. Although he was the type of leader that seemed to truly set an example and followed the rules that he imposed on others, he was also the person making the rules and expecting others to follow. In David Deutschmann’s compilation The Guevara Reader, it is evident throughout that he is laying down the law. Once reading through, it is evident that although it is educational material it has a propagandist air to it. We have to remember, however, that he is attempting to start and maintain a revolution that is to spread worldwide. He controlled a highly efficient group of men and women whose general interest were at hand. Although this may be contradictory, I feel that Che engaged in interpersonal orientation pattern of leadership over the task orientation. This is apparent in Che in the way he had even embarked on his revolutionary endeavor. â€Å"The true revolutionary is guided by a great feeling of love,† believed Che. He has also undoubtedly shown his leadership by the roles he has assumed from his youth until his death. He has a vision for not only himself but for all people. Che has had a loyal following since he first set out on this endeavor. He recruited followers through his expert power and referent power. Marxism was Che’s forte and he held strong to his philosophies. Through his compelling writings and teachings, Che gathered many followers both in Latin America and beyond. He unified the Latin American people not according to country or class but the entire continent. His socialist philosophy and his philanthropy has given him such the honor to be compared to Jesus Christ. Communication was obviously one of Che’s key traits to his leadership success. Through his writings alone, he portrays a sophisticated individual with the knack for narrative. He also was quite a charismatic leader. He was even known to entice people by having them merely look at him. He is a highly educated man with a passion for words and his altruistic actions speak for themselves. He inspired an entire generation to question authority and opened their eyes to an unjust world that was hidden behind a new wave of American consumerism. Actions tend to speak louder than word but when sung together they are all the more effective. Ernesto â€Å"Che† Guevara is a genuine example of how a person emerges as a leader and evolves into an icon. He was able to take the world in, adapt to his surrounding and in turn attempt to change the world, as we know it. He is a pioneer of a revolutionary theory that is still a living and breathing document today. As Che had said, â€Å"Let the world change you then you can change the world.† Research Papers on Biography of Che GueveraBringing Democracy to AfricaQuebec and CanadaWhere Wild and West MeetBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XPETSTEL analysis of IndiaMind TravelInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)

How Does a Person Live a Meaningful Life Assignment

How Does a Person Live a Meaningful Life - Assignment Example A meaningful life is a life lived in kindness both on the inside and on the outside, and more than anything, should be a person not only of contemplation but also of action. The one quality that makes someone live a meaningful life is the life of kindness. Unless someone is kind, he will never be able to fully understand another person. When one is kind, he will be able to help other people not only through his acts of kindness but just by being a kind person to them. There are three advantages to being kind. First, through his example, he can inspire others to be also kind to their neighbors. Whenever there is a natural disaster that strikes a particular place, we cannot help but be inspired by people who lend a helping hand to the victims and we are then filled with their inspiring kindness, and then we then help these people. Had it not been for the kindness of some people, not many other people would decide to make donations to a particular charitable organization. A second advan tage of kindness is that it is its own reward, which means that the moment one shows kindness, he must already be happy with what he is doing. Moreover, in a supernatural point of view, those people who do acts of kindness sincerely are actually even rewarded more by God. Although a truly kind person does not expect any reward for what he has done, somehow God rewards him in secret. A third reason for why kindness defines meaning in life is that when one is kind, he will be able to get to know so many people whose lives he will touch and who can help fill his happiness. Also, in the realm of the supernatural, perhaps this is where one can find someone who he can love for the rest of his life, or he may be able to help. Indeed, with kindness nothing can go wrong. The saint is an example of someone who acts with kindness. He exemplifies kindness through his work and through his actions. The saint touches people’s lives only through her kindness. It is actually not his or her fa ith that moves the congregation but her kindness, and this kindness cannot be without action. The reason is that kindness cannot be the kindness that we know if it does not involve sincere giving of oneself and of one’s time and resources. In short, the action aspect of kindness is already embedded in its name and in its definition. You cannot therefore define, explain or talk about kindness without demonstrating it. This is also the reason why it is just natural for the saint to be kind and to exemplify kindness. The saint is actually the living example of kindness. Aside from kindness, another factor that makes life a meaningful one is that of sincerity, for without sincerity, there is no desire to be kind. Sincerity therefore is the one thing that determines the degree of kindness that one wants to express to someone who needs it. How then can sincerity be attained? As Plato taught us, we need to constantly contemplate our lives and we need to continue asking questions. As long as we contemplate our lives, we then try to understand how different or how similar our actions are to our true intentions. Thus, through contemplation we will at least have an idea whether what we are doing is sincere or not. The philosopher Plato has once asked the Greeks to contemplate on their lives and to keep asking questions in order to find out whether what they were doing were still moral or not anymore. From this, one would like to think that Plato was asking the Greeks also the question of finding out whether what they were doing on the outside were still in synch with what they had been wanting to do on the inside. For if these two things are similar, then that is a powerful combination that yields fruitful action and that if

EU Law Assignment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

EU Law Assignment - Case Study Example The Fictitious Carrier Pigeons Directive 2004 provides that all carrier pigeons must be subject to quarterly veterinary inspections, their health problems must be promptly remedied, and that the animals must be kept separately from other animals, until they are certified as being in good health. If certification does not take place within three months of the inspection reporting problems, the animals must be slaughtered. More importantly the directive provides that a fund must be set up to compensate farmers whose animals are slaughtered pursuant to the directive. The directive was to be transposed into UK law on the 1st of January and the time has expired as at now .In such circumstances the Council would be entitled to commence a formal Article 226 action if subtle persuasion and warnings failed to convince the UK that it should implement the directive within reasonable time .According to Article 226 "if the commission considers that a member state has failed to fulfill an obligati on under this Treaty it shall deliver a reason opinion of this matter". Therefore once the commission has been alerted regarding this implementing omission of the UK.1 Following the reply from the member state or after a reasonable time where no reply is received the commission will then deliver a reasoned opinion which records the reasons for the failure UK to implement this directive which required the setting up of a fund and the treatment of such pigeon's.2.If the matter is taken to the ECJ in this regard, its judgment would be merely declaratory; the member states are required under Art 228 to take the necessary measures to comply with the judgment. It seems here that the UK does not have a defence that could be raised for non compliance because under Art 10EC the member states are required to fulfill all their community law obligations and Art 292 obliges Member States not to seek other solutions to disputes. S and A are advised that if the UK does not comply with this judgmen t a further action may lie against their government under Art 226 for a breach of Art 228.3 Remedies for S and A Secondly, coming to the remedies available to S and A because of the loss of profit they have suffered due to the death of their gaming pigeons ,they are advised to start an action for compensation for the dead pigeons with a UK court. They can rely on community law within their domestic courts but only on the condition that the directive must have either been already implemented by the UK (which it has not been done so here) or give rise to direct effects. As mentioned before the directive has already passed its deadline for implementation by the UK. Therefore subject to the application of the doctrine of direct effect in this regard S and A might have a possible remedy under EU law. The doctrine of direct effect is one of the most important aspects of the community law. Summarised, it states that community law creates legal rights which are directly enforceable by individuals in member states. This was held in the case of Van Gend En Loos v Nederlandse Belastingadministratie (case 26/62) as follows:4If a legal instrument of the EU confers direct effects then the individual has locus standi to enforce a right under community law in national courts and the European Court of Justice (ECJ) .Under Article 249 EC

Building defects and diagnosi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Building defects and diagnosi - Essay Example In stipulations of non-structural cracks, like thermal movement cracking as the fault has been mentioned which can compact with by use of a comparatively flexible mortar to permit insignificant movement to take place without cracks. Management for structural cracking can contain; epoxy resin inserted into the splinter to support the objective bond in the areas close to the split, rebuilding the faulty wall segments or edging the split using steel rods. For faults in crater wall ties, it is suggested that the accessible decomposed tie is detached from the external leaf in order to decrease the prospective for sustained decay, lamination and weakening of the external sheet by cracking. From a supplement point of view, it should also be kept in mind that the substitute tie is placed into the body of the block as compared to that into the mortar joint wherever the innovative tie would have been bedded. (Schulte, 2002) The building material fault also demonstrates harm in armor to frame structure. The progress causing inconsistency may take a diversity of forms. Key features in the incidence of defects in claddings differ from one situation to another and cures are founded on definite conditions, on the other hand the key pointers can be thermal and humidity movement, firmness of cladding deterioration, rain diffusion and cracking. Another part deals with faults in wood in which one o... From the studies, it can be estimated that the hitch of damp rot is more simply treatable than dehydrated rot but as it concerns to dry rot as well it is first vital to place and abolish the basis of dampness. As stated in the case file the management is alike. That is, eliminate the source of dampness then support fast drying of affected areas and eliminate damaged with replacing it with additive treated timber. The extra harm to wood is caused by the main danger, which comes in the form of the insect attack in this case the wood boring insects. As the nature and degree of harm again differ from position to position, therefore the resolution will also oscillate. The timber boring insects can be recognized as mainly beetles. The features that can aid in pointing out further clearly the kind of wood boring insects contain the kind and form of wood, the size and figure of flight holes; the quality and type of bore dust and nature of bored tunnels. The cure for an insect assault can distinguish extremely and it is essential to make sure that obvious recognition of the exact insect is finished. The condition and type of wood will be chief factors in supporting insect assault. It is significant to properly identify the insect type to allow it to be properly categorized. The other key flaw in buildings approaches in the form of wetness in walls. The wetness causes decrease of the building organization. This fault can be considered as the most destructive one meets. (Schulte, 2002) The fine indicator for humidity in walls is that it is initiated largely at ground level and quite constant added with a straight tidemark of up to one meter. If the humidity is indicated on exterior

Macroenvironmantal forces: Banking industry

Macroenvironmantal forces: Banking industry Social forces include the demographic characteristics of the population and its value. Demographic Age structure One important trend is the shifting age structure of the worlds population, as aging is now a phenomenon realized by people around the world. Households and Family The number of households has been growing, as the household size has correspondingly been declining. Also, there appears to be an increase in the number of double-income family. Population Shifts As a result of the over-development and congestion of the city center, previously rural area are been urbanized which caused large proportions of Asian population reallocated from city centers to suburbs. Shifts from home to foreign countries are also common. Culture A second social force, culture, incorporates the set of values, ideas and attitudes that are learned and shared among the members of a group. The changing attitudes and Roles of Men and Women Research suggests that the majority or adults today believe men and women should equally share most responsibilities. Beliefs, Values and Habits The values of the population change with the demographics of the people who hold these values. People who are more educated live a busy lifestyle which indicates that they place great importance on efficiency and the up-to-date information. The increasing median age population implies the majority would be more mature when allocating incomes. The increase in the number of double-income couples results in growing emphasis on the togetherness of a family which implies higher values on leisure time spent as family. A change in consumption orientation is also apparent. Today, and for the foreseeable future, value consciousness will drive consumption behavior. Economic and Regulatory Forces The economy pertains to the income, expenditures, and resources that affect the cost of running a business and household. Regulation consists of restrictions that laws in different Asian countries place on business with regard to the conduct of its activities. Business and Consumer Expectations Of particular concern at the macroeconomic level is the inflationary or recessionary state of the economy. During the most recent financial crisis started in 2007, the banking industry suffered huge losses. Although a lot of signs indicate that the economy is recovering, people nowadays are still not so confident about the future. Liberalization As a result of globalization, liberalization in trade and investment is encouraged in order to facilitate international interactions in economic and social arenas by diplomatic coordination of regulations and standards. As a result, the economy is more dynamic and efficient which becomes easier for countries to attract foreign direct investment. Increasing Regulations on Banking Industry Due to the financial crisis, many countries are establishing more regulations that decrease the potential to earn profits from investments and other activities at banks in order to protect both the customers and the banks. Technological Forces Technology refers to inventions or innovations from applied science or engineering research. Each new wave of technological innovation can replace existing products and companies. Electronic Business Technologies In the past two decades, consumers are becoming much more reliant on online management of their bank accounts as the number of homes and businesses enjoying broadband access to the Internet has reached true mass-market scope. With the increasing worlds cellphone subscriber base, the lower phone prices and the expand of cellular service, a truly revolutionary wave of mobile phones that can manage financial accounts is slowly taking root all over the world. However, with the sophistication of the Internet has arisen the issue of cyber security, another technological change to which the banking industry has had to respond. Implication Obviously, the indication of an aging population has brought about substantial growth in savings and retirement plans. Smaller households and double-income families lead to higher discretionary incomes that can be saved or invested. Thus, in the banking industry, marketers should offer more savings and investment account options which enables consumers to select the most appropriate plan that can be personalized to best suit themselves. Due to the unique attitudes, ancestry, communication preferences and lifestyles of different groups according to generation cohorts, genders and so on, the banking industry may develop different marketing programs. As, the technology develops, banks should consider offering a comprehensive range of services, such as viewing and making transactions, paying bills, online and by cell phone in order to provide convenience for customers so as to gain customers. Moreover, for customers accounts safety, banks should create more secure systems and give instructions on how to protect ones account. Considering population shifts, establishing more branches properly with regard to the bank size and target customers would be a wise choice. One important strategy can be offering customers foreign currency accounts responding to the increase in foreign currency use. Another noteworthy strategy would be developing online savings accounts for the teenagers due to the increasing level of education. From this, banks can further educate the youth and encourage financial management, and develop future loyalty customers Banks should develop low-risk investment programs as people are still not so confident about the future economy. An era of much lower risk-taking by traditional lenders has begun that will last for years. As consumers are becoming more value conscious, the banking industry will become more competitive. Banks have to compete on value of their services in order to get customers who are requiring more transparency when choosing product. Greatly increased regulatory oversight will restrict lenders and investment companies of all types. Alternative lending sources will be used to a growing degree by small businesses and some consumers unable to get loans elsewhere. 2. Responses and comments: Maybank has done the following in response to the macroenvironmental changes. Deciding whether the response is appropriate or not, we need to consider whether there are needs and wants for it, whether it is targeting the right group , whether there are points of difference, and whether Maybank would be more likely to reach its goal by performing the response. Offering a number of savings and investment account options such as the Gold Savings Passbook Account and Flexi Plan 2. This response is appropriate as it responded to growth in savings and retirement plans. Moreover, different options can cater to different group of people which will broaden the banks target customers. Pioneering online savings accounts for the teenage market by developing the imteen account. imteen account is a good idea as through Multi-tiered interest rate, Passbookless, Convenient ATM access, Online access, Free Personal Accident (PA) coverage, Academic Cash rewards, Maybank will attract parents who want their children(12-18y) to learn to manage their finance with small risk, and earn future customers. Establishing branches throughout Asia region as well as the world. As Maybanks businesses are mainly in South East Asia, it is not advisable for it to launch a lot of branches outside Asia as it will not be profitable in the short run. In addition, since the world is still in the shadow of crisis, Maybank should focus more on regain trusts from customers instead of expanding its businesses quickly. Developing the low-maintenance Premier Club account for individuals who are constantly on the go This response is appropriate since it satisfies the needs of people who are busy and in need of current events and situations. Offering its customers its range of foreign currency accounts which minimize the risk of foreign exchange rate fluctuations. This action is appropriate as it sets clear targeted segments and tries to satisfy their needs and wants of exchanging foreign currency easily and frequently. Offering a comprehensive range of services that is accessible online while implementing the Transaction Authorisation Code system to create a more secure environment. These responses are obviously right as they meet customers needs and wants of making transactions and other services online conveniently and safely. Offering many services accessible by cell phone. Using M-money to conduct services which is promoted to be secure and convenient. Maybank needs to be careful when implementing the technology. Although mobile banking makes banking services possible everywhere, there are still a lot of challenges. Firstly, Maybank have to find ways to satisfy customers with different mobile phones since it is very difficult for banks to offer mobile banking solution on any type of device. Secondly, security of financial transactions, being executed from remote locations and transmission over the air, need to be addressed jointly by mobile application developers, wireless network service providers and the banks IT departments. Thirdly, another challenge for Maybank is to scale-up the mobile banking infrastructure to handle exponential growth of the customer base as banks unable to meet the customers increasing expectations from the solution may lose customer confidence. Other responses: Responding to the changing attitudes and roles of men and women, Maybank should develop banking services catering to both genders. As indicated in the textbook, in Singapore, the United Overseas Bank launched a credit card just for ladies under the advertising theme, The Men Dont Get It. Maybank should expand its female customer group by providing special services like promotions on spa, shopping, dining, and travelling and so on. The trend of value consciousness leads to Maybank analyzing the market more carefully. Maybe it should add low-fee credit cards in response to this new orientation. In order to earn money and minimize the risk when lending, Maybank should try to develop new ways to make loans to customers. For example, enabling lending by and between members of lending clubs, or between friends and family. 3. Some of the macroenvironmental forces affecting other industries are the similar to those in the banking industry, while some are different. Similarities: For social environment, demographic forces nearly affect every industry greatly. For example, age structure will influence clothing industry by deciding what styles of clothes to produce, and will impact food industry on their strategy about what aspect should they concentrate on, tastes, calorie, or eating environment. It will also affect computer industry by customers needs and wants changing among different age groups. With regard to economic forces, globalization is an important trend. It has led to the rise of massive multinational food processing companies, which often sell their foods under local names in local languages, after producing them in regional factories worldwide. Due to globalization, more and more local clothes brands are known to the world and design, production, and selling can be done in different countries. The Computer industry is a truly globalized sector, where research, development and manufacturing of components and systems have grown in the labs and manufacturing plants of mainly Asia countries. When it comes to political environment, political risks matter similarly to almost all industries, as they need licenses, protection for properties in foreign countries, and avoidance of social unrest. In terms of technology forces, almost every industry is affected greatly nowadays. In clothing industry, the sweeping change in apparel retailing is the rising success of e-commerce which increases efficiency. Meanwhile, in food industry, technology has revolutionized the way that we grow, transport, process, package, purchase and cook food. There is no difference in banking industry as indicated above. Most importantly, technology is essential to computer industry, not only because of its own development, but also the other corresponding techniques such as Wi-Fi, and Internet appliances. Differences: From my point of view, all macroenvironmental forces will affect all industries. The difference lies in to what extend they affect the industry. Some may be tiny and marketers do not need to change strategies, some may huge which force marketers to respond. As for political environment, different laws impact differently to different industries. On one hand, Patent law, copyright law and other related laws are very important to many industries as they give inventors or author the right to protect their intellectual properties. It is especially important in computer industry, as the core of InfoTech is creation and wisdom. Also, in clothing industry, the increasing emphasis on copyright would prevent others from copying the design. However the effect would not be so significant in banking and food industry. On the other hand, the laws and regulations considering health are very crucial to food industry. Considering social forces, culture plays an important role in many industries. However, they may not be as powerful in banking industries as they are in other industries. For food industry, peoples purchases of food largely depend on their eating habits. Nevertheless, as people are paying more attention to health and fitness, it may need to change its focus from taste to lower calorie or full nutrition. In clothing industry, culture mainly determines what a group of people would wear. Also, as the increase concern on health, people have developed a keen interest in sports apparel and workout gear. On the other hand, for banking and computer industries, the effect of culture may not be that significant. Implication: Before making decisions on market strategies, marketers should first carry out a careful environmental scanning analyzing the main forces that affect the industry significantly and that should concentrate on. It is also advisable for marketers to notice all the other insignificant forces in case as the society develops, they become significant enough to affect the industry. Legal Positivism and Morality | An Analysis Legal Positivism and Morality | An Analysis There is no necessary connection between law and morality; and (2) legal validity is determined ultimately by reference to certain basic social facts and the main line of natural law theories that no sharp distinction can be drawn between law and morality The connection between morality and law is one of the biggest questions of jurisprudence. It has become the dispute between natural law and legal positivism and has created a many ways how to think about the scope of legal enforcement. Here we meet with two philosophical directions which are standing on opposite border against each other. Morality is very flexible, changing by generation. If there is any idea of changing a law, it takes hundred years to do it. Law and morality is every so often being connected. Right now, the countries base its laws on morals. Morality deals with question of correctness where on the other side laws are based on question of ethics. Law is characterized by specific people or by a society whereas morals are universal. The basic idea from which morals come is the concept of human rights. Laws are supposed to guarantee human rights but many fail to do so and restrict them. In my opinion I more tend to legal positivism. There are two basic values or reasons for that decision. First, all law are required to be written, where positivism make sure that the government will follow stated rules and apprise the members of society of their rights and obligations. In a legal system run according with positivist tenets, litigants would never be unfairly surprised by the government imposition of an un written legal obligation that was previously unknown. Second, positivism control judicial discretion. In some cases judges are not satisfied with the outcome of a case that would be decided by narrow law. For example, some judges may not want to allow a landlord to move out old and sick woman in the middle of winter, even if the law allows such action when rent is overdue. However, positivism requires judges to decide cases in accordance with the law. One of known philosopher Thomas Aquinas distinguishes four types of law-human, divine, eternal, and natural-as follows: A, Human law-an ordinance of reason for the common good promulgated by him who has the care of the community. B, Eternal law-Gods plan for all of creation. C, Natural law-The part of eternal law that applies to human beings; it is Gods plan for us. Natural law can be differenced by human reason, and it concludes in the correct moral principles. E.g. it is never permissible intentionally to kill an innocent human being, and one must never intend what is evil, even as a means to achieving a good or avoiding a bad result are natural laws, in Aquinass view. D, Divine law-the part of eternal law that God uncovers to us human beings via Scripture. If something is against natural law, then its against divine law as well. But some concepts, primarily of a religious nature, are oppositely to divine law but not natural law. For example, natural reason and natural law tell us that the God exists. But it is only through divine revelation that we can know that baptism, membership in the Christian church, etc. are necessary for our salvation. Aquinas insists that human laws are genuine laws only if they do not contradict either natural or divine law. Other Philosopher John Austin has definition of law as followed: a rule laid down for the guidance of an intelligent being by an intelligent being having power over him. There are two kinds of law: positive law (rules commanded by political superiors to their inferiors) and divine law (rules that God commands all human beings to follow). Law is commands, which Austin see as an expression of a wish by someone who has the willingness and ability to enforce compliance. (If you cannot or will not harm me in case I comply not with your wish, the expression of your wish is not a command.) Unlike Thomas Aquinas, John Austin does not make any differences between divine and natural law. Austin thinks that Gods commands to us are the true morality. Austin distinguishes divine law/the true morality from positive morality, or the beliefs about whats right/wrong, just/unjust that are held by the majority of people in some society. The positive morality of our society is right as it agree with divine law and incorrect insofar as it deviates from it. It does not have any value that Austin had an unorthodox view of the content of divine law. Austin believed that God commands us to be utility maximizes, making utilitarianism the true morality. Positive laws are driven by political superiors. John Austin calls these superiors the sovereign, and he defines sovereign as the person or persons who are not in the habit of obeying anyone else, and who everyone else is in the habit of obeying. Positive laws are general commands by people who themselves are not bound by them, and who can enforce obedience from everyone else. I dont really match with either of these philosophers ideas but if I should to tend to one of their views it would be the one of John Austins for a reason of his division of laws.

Nelson Mandela :: essays research papers

South-Africa was settled by Dutch spaking whites, the boers, in the seventeenth century. Later they were followed by the British, who they several times fought against to keep the power. In 1948 the white people felt that the bladks threatened their position, so the national party, that has formed all the governments since then, introduced the policy of apartheid. Apartheid is a term that originally is Dutch and means separation. The system was in practice used to retain the white minority's economical, political and cultural supremacy. There came new laws that devided the population into white, black, coloured and Asian groups. the foundation of apartheid was already made when the first European settlers came to South-Africa, and since then the suppressed have been fighting to abolish it. Maybe the most famous opponent of the apartheid regime throughout the years have been Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela. He went to college to study law in1938, but already two years later he was expelled because he participated in a student strike. Luckily Mandela got a job at daytime so he could study in the evenings, and in 1942 he received his university degree. Mandela has been politically involved since he was a teenager, nad already as a twentysix year old he started his political career in the African National congress - ANC (Black people established the African National Congress in 1912 to fight against apartheid and for civil disobedience). Nelson early became one of the most important leaders in the party because ofhis strong opposition against aparheid. Mandela was jailed for the first time in 1952 for having arrranged a peaceful civil rights campaign. This demonstration did no change any of the apartheid laws, but the work wasnt useless. When some got arrested, others came to take the arresteds place. the number of members in ANC rose from 10000 to 100000. The racial discrimination created a special concord among all the people that was called "non-white". The campaign got attention also internationally. The participants dicipøine, their self sacrificing work and relationship to eachother was noticed all over the world. After a while Nelson Mandela was considered South-Africa's national foregrounds-figure in international media. ANC was banned in 1960 because the party opposed strongly to white supremacy. Mandela was forced to work underground, but he managed to travel abroad to obtain support and understanding. He turned up in the most unexpected places, and even had speeches at big conferences.

American and French Revolutions

A watershed event in modern European history, the French Revolution began in 1789 and ended in the late 1790s with the ascent of Napoleon Bonaparte. During this period, French citizens razed and redesigned their country’s political landscape, uprooting centuries-old institutions such as absolute monarchy and the feudal system. Like the American Revolution before it, the French Revolution was influenced by Enlightenment ideals, particularly the concepts of popular sovereignty and inalienable rights.Although it failed to achieve all of its goals and at times degenerated into a chaotic bloodbath, the movement played a critical role in shaping modern nations by showing the world the power inherent in the will of the people. Prelude to the French Revolution: Monarchy in Crisis As the 18th century drew to a close, France’s costly involvement in the  American Revolution  and extravagant spending by King  Louis XVI  (1754-1793) and his predecessor had left the country o n the brink of bankruptcy.Not only were the royal coffers depleted, but two decades of poor cereal harvests, drought, cattle disease and skyrocketing bread prices had kindled unrest among peasants and the urban poor. Many expressed their desperation and resentment toward a regime that imposed heavy taxes yet failed to provide relief by rioting, looting and striking. In the fall of 1786, Louis XVI’s controller general, Charles Alexandre de Calonne (1734-1802), proposed a financial reform package that included a universal land tax from which the privileged classes would no longer be exempt.To garner support for these measures and forestall a growing aristocratic revolt, the king summoned the Estates-General (â€Å"les etats generaux†)–an assembly representing France’s clergy, nobility and middle class–for the first time since 1614. The meeting was scheduled for May 5, 1789; in the meantime, delegates of the three estates from each locality would comp ile lists of grievances (â€Å"cahiers de doleances†) to present to the king. The French Revolution at Versailles: Rise of the Third Estate France’s population had changed considerably since 1614.The non-aristocratic members of the Third Estate now represented 98 percent of the people but could still be outvoted by the other two bodies. In the lead-up to the May 5 meeting, the Third Estate began to mobilize support for equal representation and the abolishment of the noble veto–in other words, they wanted voting by head and not by status. While all of the orders shared a common desire for fiscal and judicial reform as well as a more representative form of government, the nobles in particular were loath to give up the privileges they enjoyed under the traditional system.By the time the Estates-General convened at Versailles, the highly public debate over its voting process had erupted into hostility between the three orders, eclipsing the original purpose of the m eeting and the authority of the man who had convened it. On June 17, with talks over procedure stalled, the Third Estate met alone and formally adopted the title of National Assembly; three days later, they met in a nearby indoor tennis court and took the so-called Tennis Court Oath (â€Å"serment du jeu de paume†), vowing not to disperse until constitutional reform had been achieved.Within a week, most of the clerical deputies and 47 liberal nobles had joined them, and on June 27 Louis XVI grudgingly absorbed all three orders into the new assembly. The French Revolution Hits the Streets: The Bastille and the Great Fear On June 12, as the National Assembly (known as the National Constituent Assembly during its work on a constitution) continued to meet at Versailles, fear and violence consumed the capital. Though enthusiastic about the recent breakdown of royal power, Parisians grew panicked as rumors of an impending military coup began to circulate.A popular insurgency culmin ated on July 14 when rioters stormed the Bastille fortress in an attempt to secure gunpowder and weapons; many consider this event, now commemorated in France as a national holiday, as the start of the French Revolution. The wave of revolutionary fervor and widespread hysteria quickly swept the countryside. Revolting against years of exploitation, peasants looted and burned the homes of tax collectors, landlords and the seigniorial elite.Known as the Great Fear (â€Å"la Grande peur†), the agrarian insurrection hastened the growing exodus of nobles from the country and inspired the National Constituent Assembly to abolish feudalism on August 4, 1789, signing what the historian Georges Lefebvre later called the â€Å"death certificate of the old order. † The French Revolution Turns Radical: Terror and Revolt In April 1792, the newly elected Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria and Prussia, where it believed that French emigres were building counterrevolutionary alliances; it also hoped to spread its revolutionary deals across Europe through warfare. On the domestic front, meanwhile, the political crisis took a radical turn when a group of insurgents led by the extremist Jacobins attacked the royal residence in Paris and arrested the king on August 10, 1792. The following month, amid a wave of violence in which Parisian insurrectionists massacred hundreds of accused counterrevolutionaries, the Legislative Assembly was replaced by the National Convention, which proclaimed the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of the French republic.On January 21, 1793, it sent King Louis XVI, condemned to death for high treason and crimes against the state, to the guillotine; his wife  Marie-Antoinette  (1755-1793) suffered the same fate nine months later. Following the king’s execution, war with various European powers and intense divisions within the National Convention ushered the French Revolution into its most violent and turbul ent phase. In June 1793, the Jacobins seized control of the National Convention from the more moderate Girondins and instituted a series of radical measures, including the establishment of a new calendar and the eradication of Christianity.They also unleashed the bloody Reign of Terror (â€Å"la Terreur†), a 10-month period in which suspected enemies of the revolution were guillotined by the thousands. Many of the killings were carried out under orders from Robespierre, who dominated the draconian Committee of Public Safety until his own execution on July 28, 1794. His death marked the beginning of the Thermidorian Reaction, a moderate phase in which the French people revolted against the Reign of Terror’s excesses. The French Revolution Ends: Napoleon's RiseOn August 22, 1795, the National Convention, composed largely of Girondins who had survived the Reign of Terror, approved a new constitution that created France’s first bicameral legislature. Executive power would lie in the hands of a five-member Directory (â€Å"Directoire†) appointed by parliament. Royalists and Jacobins protested the new regime but were swiftly silenced by the army, now led by a young and successful general named Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821). The Directory’s four years in power were riddled with financial crises, popular discontent, inefficiency and, above all, political corruption.By the late 1790s, the directors relied almost entirely on the military to maintain their authority and had ceded much of their power to the generals in the field. On November 9, 1799, as frustration with their leadership reached a fever pitch, Bonaparte staged a coup d’etat, abolishing the Directory and appointing himself France’s â€Å"first consul. † The event marked the end of the French Revolution and the beginning of the Napoleonic era, in which France would come to dominate much of continental Europe. Similarities America ; France Revolutionary Twins?The American and French Revolutions were fought several years and an ocean apart. However, they feature enough similarities that some people initially consider them â€Å"mirror struggles. †Ã‚   After all, there are some easy comparisons:   both revolutions occurred in the later eighteenth century. Both subverted an existing, monarchical government. Finally, both created ripe conditions for constitutionalism and deep patriotism. But dig more deeply, and you’ll find that this â€Å"same revolution, different continent† concept is not as tidy as it initially appears.Further similarities between the two revolutions are just different enough to produce profound distinctions between the two revolutions. Although most scholars believe that the two revolutions influenced one another (as well as had profound worldwide impact), each revolution is a very distinct and singular struggle for freedom, identity, and an improved way of life. Indeed, scholars have built entire careers on this subject, and rich debate and information is available online or at your local library. However, here are a few fundamental elements shared by the revolutions, with intricate but important differences highlighted: CausesBoth the American Revolution and the French Revolution were borne of dire economic conditions. Economic challenges definitely contributed to the basis for both revolutions. However, each nation’s money-related woes were quite unique. The American Revolution had roots in the financial pressure that Britain placed on the New World; because Britain was economically dependent on the colonies, it kept taxing them. However, the colonists didn’t oppose the taxation itself. They were more vexed by the lack of a reasonable basis for the taxation, feeling that they received little or no benefit from their unds that were being spent â€Å"back in the old country. †Ã‚   This phenomenon—commonly known as taxation without represen tation—infuriated the colonies, building the basis for their revolt. Classic images of hungry, poverty-stricken French peasants are still familiar. Indeed, the pre-revolution French economy was dismal and had been for decades. As a second-tier trading nation, France was unable to pay off national debts using the scant amount of money it received on the taxes for traded goods. To make up for this deficit, the King imposed further taxes, especially on the peasants.Paradoxically, the wealthiest nobles were not obligated to pay taxes. This allowed the King to successfully sell titles, pulling the two social classes further apart. So although the British tax-related woes were also tied to royal greed and exploitative control, they were relatively common to any new colonist establishment. France’s case, while certainly tax-related, was more deeply rooted in a historic division of social class. Although the rich and poor had long been separated, the King’s selling of t itles totally isolated the two groups.This resulted in famine and extreme poverty for the lower classes, and left them no choice but to revolt. Goals Both revolutions were undertaken with the goal of independence in mind. The American Revolution was not initially or even primarily fought for independence. Independence almost became a â€Å"by-product† of the colonists’ initial attempt to remove unfair taxes levied on them by British Parliament. On the other hand, France’s decades of class division and its burgeoning interest in thinkers like Rousseau (who emphasized the importance of human rights) sparked a popular interest in a more independent way of life.The influence of speeches, articles, and pamphlets from gifted writers and orators like revolution leaders Jacques-Pierre Brissot and Maximillien Robespierre also fueled this desire for freedom. Finally, the success of the American Revolution (and the colonists’ resulting independence from British rule ) arguably acted as an incentive for revolt. American-French Relationships Both revolutions spurred a strong response from the other nation. Before 1789, most people (excluding the Americans of the new United States) lived with the general form of government their ancestors had known for centuries, sually hereditary monarchy. After the French Revolution began in 1789, no form of government could be accepted as legitimate without justification. The revolutionaries established a republic in 1792, and henceforth republicans around the world would challenge monarchists. Overall, the French Revolution offered the world something totally novel: an ideology that allowed and encouraged the questioning of historic power structures. This ideology borne of the French Revolution laid the groundwork for other ideologies, including nationalism, socialism, and eventually communism.In fact, early communist leaders Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels both commented extensively on the French Revolution, h oping to find important lessons for building and governing communities. North Americans showed special interest in the French Revolution, believing the events of 1789 drew heavily on their own experience with Britain. The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen seemed to borrow strikingly from the states’ bill of rights. Even more direct influence took place when American Thomas Jefferson, resident in France at this time, passed along specific ideas to the legislators through the Marquis de Lafayette.Although the French Revolution took a far different path than the North American variety, this interaction was close, so it is not surprising that the initial U. S. reaction to the French Revolution was positive. Not all Americans approved of the France’s methods. For example, John Adams declared his early and ongoing disapproval, and the Federalist Party’s support began to waver toward the Revolution’s end. The Reign of Terror also did little to create American approval and drew criticism from some prominent American statesmen.However, the Jefferson-led Republican Party remained largely supportive throughout most of the revolutionary decade. Famous Documents Both revolutions produced similar and seminal political documents. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France in August 1789 by the National Constituent Assembly. Drafted by the Marquis de Lafayette, it was intended as part of a transition from an absolute to a constitutional monarchy, and presented the ideas of popular sovereignty and equal opportunity.This document, which defined a set of universal individual and collective rights, was to be considered valid in all times, in all places, for all people. This novel way of thinking totally contradicted the traditional French idea of people being born into a nobility or into another favored class. It also eliminated the concept of people enjoying or being denied special rights based on f amily lineage of status, which clearly dismantled centuries of French ruling structure. The principles outlined in the Declaration sprung from the theories of philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau and other Enlightenment thinkers.However, the French Declaration is at least partly inspired by the declaration of Human Rights contained in the U. S. Declaration of Independence, adopted on July 4, 1776, and on the Virginia Declaration of Rights, developed by American George Mason in June 1776, which was itself based on the English 1689 Bill of Rights. The Declaration of the Rights of Man also showed similarities to the United States Constitution (1787) and the United States Bill of Rights, which was adopted in 1789, at approximately the same time as the Declaration of the Rights of Man.Like the U. S. Constitution, The French Declaration provided for a national defense, and emphasized equality before taxation (which was distinctly different from traditional France, in which the Catholic Churc h and the nobility were exempt from most taxes). Like these American documents, France’s Declaration prohibits ex post facto application of criminal law and proclaims the presumption of innocence to a crime suspect. Finally, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen provides for freedom of speech and of the press, and addresses freedom of religion.The Declaration departs from seminal American documents in some important ways. It’s vital to note that the Declaration is largely individualistic. It focuses less on the rights of a political or religious group and more on the singular citizen, thus straying from America’s â€Å"we the people† stance. The Declaration also fails to address the freedom of assembly, liberty of association, or the right to strike, which were important American tenets. Differences Self-Identification and Independence * France was a well-established nation long before the French revolution. It was not facing any acute exte rnal dangers in the late 1780s.In contrast, the American revolution was a struggle for self-identification and independence from another nation. In France, the essential motive of the revolution was a stratification transformation of the society because â€Å"the third estate† saw the clergy and the nobles as social parasites. Attitudes Toward Monarchy * The Americans were not anti-monarchists from the very start. They considered their rights as the British subjects were being violated, and their main complaints were aimed against the British Parliament. In France, the revolution was very much against the monarch and his power.Revolutionists saw the monarch as a traitor and acted aggressively toward the royal family. That led them to accuse the monarch of conspiracies against the French people, which in turn led to the execution of the royal family. Social Stratification * Social equality was not the main concern of the American revolution. Slavery was abolished in the Northe rn states, but it did not drastically influence the social stratification of American society. In France, the whole social structure was made up of three traditional estates: clergy, nobles and others. The revolution transformed all of them.Elimination of the traditional privileges based on the social origin was the main goal of the French revolution. Revolution and Religion * The American patriots did want to break with the Church of England, but the American revolution was not driven by a religious goal. The French revolution was, and it accomplished most of those goals. It eliminated the privileges of the clergy. Monasteries and churches were closed, the monks and nuns were encouraged to return to the private life. Many priests were killed. The Cult of Reason emerged during the revolution as part of the new France's plan to â€Å"de-Christianize† the country.It stressed enlightenment and rationalism over the believe of a deity. Revolutionary Values and Mottos * John Locke formulated three basic values which were adopted by the American patriots: life, liberty and property. They fought for the idea that governments were obliged to preserve these values. The French revolution proclaimed three values too: liberty, equality and brotherhood, or death. The last part was adopted during the period of terror in 1793-1794. Thus, the common value shared by both revolutions was the pursuit of liberty.

Securing the blessing of liberty Essays

Securing the blessing of liberty Essays Securing the blessing of liberty Paper Securing the blessing of liberty Paper freedoms, and liberties of the people, from manipulation by the government. The framers took it upon themselves to come up with a constitution and a republican form of government (a government for the people by the people. These two aspects (constitution and the republican structure) ensured that the rights, freedoms, and liberties were protected (Dysart 95). This idea enabled the framers to understand more concerning the structure of the government. The idea was based on equality that manifested itself in form of rights, freedoms, and liberties. The idea also worked towards securing these liberties for the future generations. Having this in mind, the framers understood that the republican and the democratic government structureswere suitable at the moment. The framers understood that by implementing the republic structure, the people would voice their opinions through voting hence, giving them an opportunity to express themselves. The framers also understood that the republican structure would also represent the minority in that, the representatives would also be assigned in accordance to the population of the districts. Therefore, the framers enacted the republican and democratic structures (Christopher 97). American political culture and the basic tenets of American democracy The American political culture contains core ideal and values. These ideals and values include liberty, equality, democracy, individualism, unity, and diversity. The American political culture dwells on these values and ideals and on ways to achieve each of them. The American government relied on these values, and used them to ensure proper governance. After a long period of living under the British rule, the framers felt that there was need for change. This explained the cause of the American Revolution. After achieving independence (acquired through struggle and sacrifice), the framers established a republican and democratic government that contained the key values and ideal cores mentioned above, to prevent the reoccurrence of the dictatorial rule (as it had been under the British governance). The American democracy was made up of certain basic tenets. These tenets include, individual worth, equity, individual freedom, popular sovereignty, majority rule, minority rights, limited government, religious freedom, and compromise. These tenets acted as the foundation of democracy, they (the tenets) helped define democracy and show what it entailed. Democracy helped to preserve the rights, liberties, and freedoms of the people, with the help of these tenets. Through these tenets of democracy, the framers were able to â€Å"secure the blessing† for themselves and for future generations (Bimber 98). References Bimber, Bruce Allen. Information and American democracy: Technology in the evolution of political power. Cambridge University Press, 2003. Dysart, Christopher Ward. Securing the Blessings of Liberty. . Louis U. Pub. L. Rev.6 (1987): 341. Edwards Jr, James R. Securing the Blessings of Liberty. Center for Immigration Studies (2011). Sullivan, John L., James Piereson, and George E. Marcus. American democracy. University of Chicago Press, 1993.

Recognizing and Controlling a Tree Burl

Recognizing and Controlling a Tree Burl Little research has been done to confirm the cause (or causes) of burls. A burl could be caused by many environmental factors, but the biology of burls on trees is not well known. To be sure, burls and galls may serve as secondary infection avenues for insects and diseases, but as a rule, they do not appear to be harmful to most trees and maintain protective bark. Burl-Like Symptoms The tree trunk infections called burls look like bumps or warty growths, probably caused as a result of an environmental injury. Cambial growth is hyper-stimulated as a way for the tree to isolate and contain the injury. Almost all burl wood is covered by bark, even when underground. Often, a tree that has developed burl wood is still generally healthy. In fact, many trees with burl wood will go on to live for many years. Still, burl wood in vulnerable spots or with off-shooting growth can become so large and heavy that they create additional stress on a tree, and can cause the tree to break apart. Oak Tree Burl Bulges and Tree Health Even though not much is known about the cause of burls, it should be assumed that proper tree management that improves tree health can help reduce the occurrence of burls or make their presence less of a problem. Burls certainly should not be removed from the main stem of a living tree, since that would expose a large decay-producing wound or completely kill the tree. Burls can be removed if they are located on branches or limbs and proper pruning methods are used. Not All Burls Are Bad Burls can yield a peculiar wood that is prized for its beauty and sought-after by furniture makers, artists, and wood sculptors. There are a number of well-known types of burls. Quality burl wood often comes from redwood, walnut, buckeye, maple, baldcypress, teak, and other species. The famous birdseye maple superficially resembles the wood of a burl but is something else entirely. Burls Are a Valuable Wood Product Some tree burls can be valuable in the specialty wood market.  Cherry and ash trees are popular burl-producing species due to their remarkable grain. Oak trees, on the other hand, tend to mill out with defective rot and holes and are usually rejected by wood buyers. Depending on quality and size, walnut, redwood, and maples often yield quality burls, but most tree species can offer rare gems. If you have a large burl on a tree you might want to sell, measure its size and take photos from several angles. It would help to include a yardstick in the photo for perspective. The burl must be covered with sound bark and have no major rot. Its value is significantly higher with increased size. The best market for burls is among woodturners. Search for woodturners locally using the internet and the American Association of Woodturners.

Taum Sauk Upper Reservoir Dam Restoration Project Essay

Taum Sauk Upper Reservoir Dam Restoration Project - Essay Example ged upon. Due to this, the project which will be proposed blurs the lines between economic development, and environmental recovery. Background: Although it has been over 25 years since the explosion that led to the release of radioactive matter at the Chernobyl nuclear plant in the Soviet Union (currently Ukraine), the fact of the matter is that the area in and around the release is still highly toxic. This is of course due to the fact that the radioactive material that was released into the air, and ultimately into the ground and water supply, has determinate â€Å"half lives† which means it will remain for quite some time into the future. After the disaster which spilled toxic radioactive waste into the atmosphere and ruptured the poorly built Soviet containment system, the engineers of the time decided that the best way to remediate the situation would merely to be close the reactor that had experienced the disaster and move refocus electrical generation needs on the remain ing reactors of the Chernobyl power plant (Voitsekhovich 1016). Although such an approach has definitely worked for a period of nearly 30 years, the fact of the matter is that the untouched and un-remediated reactor that initially ruptured lies untouched and continues to leak radioactive matter into the ground, the air, and the water table. Influences to the Project: Due to the fact that Ukraine, once a part of the former Soviet Union, has a robust engineering and construction sector with a skilled and talented workforce to draw upon, the extent to which well qualified individuals available to work on such a situation exists is not in question. Moreover, due to the fact that few environmental or labor laws define the current system that is evidenced with regards to construction and engineering projects within Ukraine, it can readily be seen that few roadblocks to such a remediation project will be likely to be realized either. An additional point that bears mention is the fact that the northern reaches of the nation of Ukraine, specifically where Chernobyl is situated, can experience moderate to severe winters where ice and snow can become a major impediment to construction or the delivery of key supplies and personnel to the building site as a function of poorly maintained and insufficient roads and transportation systems. With regards to the cultural and language differential that must be engaged upon, this is an aspect of project planning that cannot be understated (Toru Oka 999). Due to the fact that the Ukrainian language is unique and only tangentially related to its closest linguistic cousin – Russian – it is the understanding of this student that a great deal of time, effort, planning, and money will need to go into hiring translators and area experts to integrate with all levels of the workforce, existing infrastructure, and governmental liaisons to the project. Management Strategy: As a function of the previous

Sociological Systems Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Sociological Systems Theory - Essay Example A relationship is defined, as the interactive existence of more than one occurrence, in which there is a relative linkage marked by logic, concept, structure, or time. In this mode a relationship between occurrences is more than a proposition. For example, management and organization scientists generally define propositions on stating relationships between two or more concepts. An illustration would be the linkage between the efforts carried on R&D and the satisfaction of users of the new product, which was thus developed. When a relationship is defined beyond the propositional boundaries, it would be similar to the chain architecture of propositions, which compose an entire theory. This flow and changeability of variables are characteristics of a process mode, in which occurrences are linked by virtue of conceptual criteria. For instance, a theory of innovation would be explained in the form of a process, where research flows into development, into testing, engineering, and marketing. Processes are to a large extent structural manifestations of theories where propositions may be ordered to form a coherent theory. Underlying the managerial and organizational approaches to problem solving criteria are four methods: (1) parsimony; (2) simplicity; (3) closeness and realism; and (4) balance and equilibrium. Let us examine each criterion inclusive of its limitations and weaknesses. Methodologies Parsimony: With parsimony, the issue is to achieve economy in describing the phenomenon for the purpose of studying, modeling, and data collection. Burton and Obel have suggested, "Parsimonious explanations are a factor in determining the validity of computational models". (Burton R, and B. Obel, 1995) Parsimony becomes a problem when it contributes to capricious modeling in the quest for economy. Variables that may be factors in alternative explanations should be measured and are left outside the research design for reasons beyond the logical linkage. In the transition from theory to modeling, then to experimental design, the quest for parsimony is additive, hence sequentially and deleteriously compress the universe being investigated. (Geisler, 1999) Issues of construct validity are to be considered in non-adherence to parsimony. That is, in defense of economy and elegance it may be said that by clearly defining the phenomenon, the validity of the design increases, but at what price Largely at the expense of a more productive and comprehensive approximation to a more viable representation of the phenomenon, the result is akin to the problem of accuracy versus useful information. Parsimonious qualification of research into the managerial and organizational activities may lead to a slice of the phenomenon that is highly researchable, accurate, and elegant yet of little use as representative of the broader phenomenon. Simplicity The second methodology is the quest for simplicity. As in the case of parsimony, threats to validity are anchored in both the research desi